Indian archaeologists say they have discovered the names of some of the skilled craftsmen and masons who built the Taj Mahal.
Indian archaeologists say they have discovered the names of some of the skilled craftsmen and masons who built the Taj Mahal.
The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, heartbroken at the death in childbirth of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, in 1630, ordered the monument to be built as a mausoleum to her, by the river Yamuna in Agra, the Mughal capital. It was made mainly of white marble and completed in 1648. The poet Rabindranath Tagore called it 'a tear on the face of eternity' and said that it was Shah Jahan's attempt to defy the ravages of time, which he knew would destroy his empire, and preserve the memory of his pain at his wife's death.
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But while his suffering and love for his wife have been memorialised long after the last vestiges of the Mughal empire were swept away, the lives of most of those who built the monument have been shrouded in obscurity - until now.
A list of 671 names has been found engraved in a sandstone wall in the complex that surrounds the mausoleum, according to The Asian Age newspaper. The list, found on the north side facing the river, is believed to have been inscribed by the same hands that fashioned the extraordinary decorative work of the building. If the archaeologists are right, it is the craftsmen's own attempt to preserve their memory down the centuries.
The list was stumbled upon by a team from the Archaeological Survey of India during a routine documentation of the building.
The chief architect is known to have been Ustad - or Master - Ahmad Lahori. Shah Jahan is said to have had his eyes put out on the Taj's completion so nothing could ever be built to rival it. Amanat Khan Shirazi was in charge of the calligraphy that adorns the Taj. Ismail Khan Afridi was in charge of building the dome, and Mohammed Hanif was superintendent of the masons.
These well-known names are included in the inscriptions that have been found. But they are believed to go much further, and identify some of the craftsmen who painstakingly built the Taj with their hands over a period of 17 years.
It took 20,000 labourers to build the Taj - so many that an entire town, Mumtazabad, was built for them next to the site. It survives as Taj Ganj, a suburb of Agra. Craftsmen were brought from as far away as Central Asia, Iran, Syria and Turkey.
The inscriptions reflect the diversity of those who built the Taj Mahal. Most are in Arabic and Persian, which would reflect the Islamic nature of Shah Jahan's court, but some are in the Devanagari script used by Hindi and other Indian languages. There are also traditional Indian symbols, such as swastikas, and geometrical patterns believed to have been used by illiterate artisans.
D Dayalan, leader of the team of archaeologists who found the list, told The Asian Age that experts were working to decipher the epigraphs and names engraved in the stones.
'Since many of them were illiterate, they denoted symbols as a mark of their identity. We call these guilt marks. We already have a team working to decipher the epigraphs and the names.
'The names have been meticulously divided into sections like dome makers, garden development department, furnishing workers and inlay artists.
'Other boundary walls of the monument are also being scanned for the names of workmen.
'Our interest lies in the unknown masons who never received publicity for their work.'
| Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City | |
|---|---|
A giant greeting sign, outside of the main entrance | |
| Location | Atlantic City, New Jersey |
| Address | 1000 Boardwalk |
| Opening date | April 2, 1990 (as Trump Taj Mahal), June 28, 2018 (as Hard Rock)[1] |
| Closing date | October 10, 2016 (as Trump Taj Mahal) |
| Theme | Rock and roll |
| No. of rooms | 2,010[2] |
| Total gaming space | 167,000 square feet (15,500 m2) |
| Permanent shows | The Theater Ego Lounge Blue Velvet Theater Scores |
| Signature attractions | Steel Pier Hard Rock Live |
| Notable restaurants | Hard Rock Cafe, Council Oak Fish, The Sugar Factory, Fresh Harvest Buffet, Il Mulino, Song Chinese Restaurant, The Flavor Tour, Dynasty, Robert's Steakhouse, White House Sub Shop, Maharaja Express & Salad Express, Fralinger's Salt Water Taffy, Youyu Noodle Bar, Trattoria Il Mulino, Plate American Cafe |
| Casino type | Land |
| Owner | Hard Rock International |
| Operating license holder | Seminole Tribe of Florida |
| Previous names | Resorts Taj Mahal (pre-opening) Trump Taj Mahal (1990–2016) |
| Renovated in | 2008, 2018 |
| Coordinates | 39.3587° N, 74.4198° W |
| Website | www.hardrockhotelatlanticcity.com |
The Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City (formerly Trump Taj Mahal) is a casino and hotel on the Boardwalk, owned by Hard Rock International, in Atlantic City, New Jersey, United States.[3]
The casino, originally known as the Trump Taj Mahal, was inaugurated by its then-owner Donald Trump in 1990, and was built at a total cost of nearly $1 billion USD. Originally Restaurants at the Taj Mahal included Hard Rock Cafe, Sultan's Feast, Dynasty, Il Mulino New York, Moon at Dynasty, and Robert's Steakhouse. It was also the home of Scores, the country's first in-casino strip club.
The Taj Mahal came to the brink of closure in 2014 as its parent company went through bankruptcy, but ultimately remained open under the new ownership of Icahn Enterprises. In 2015, the Taj Mahal admitted to having “willfully violated” anti-money-laundering regulations for years and was fined $10 million. It was the highest penalty ever levied by the U.S. federal government against a casino. On August 3, 2016, it was announced that the Trump Taj Mahal would close after Labor Day, because of casino workers on strike.[4] It was closed on October 10, 2016.
On March 1, 2017, the Seminole Tribe of Florida through its Hard Rock International brand, and the Morris and Jingoli families, announced its purchase of the facility and conversion to the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino brand. It reopened on June 27, 2018.[5][6]
Construction of what was originally known as the Taj Mahal commenced in 1983 by Resorts International, owner of the neighboring Resorts Casino Hotel, with an estimated budget of $250 million.[7][8] Resorts head James Crosby said it might be named the United States Hotel, in reference to the city's first major hotel.[9]
After Crosby's death in April 1986, Resorts International became a takeover target.[10] The Taj Mahal had encountered construction problems, and Crosby's heirs, lacking experience in large development projects, doubted their ability to complete it successfully.[11]Donald Trump, who owned two other Atlantic City casinos, beat out several other bidders to purchase a controlling stake in the company for $79 million in July 1987.[12] Trump was appointed chairman of Resorts International, and said he would complete the Taj Mahal in about a year.[12]
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Because New Jersey law prohibited anyone from owning more than three casinos, Trump planned to close the original Resorts casino and operate it as a hotel annex to the Taj Mahal.[13][14]
As the total budget had ballooned to $930 million, Resorts sought to raise $550 million to complete the Taj Mahal, but struggled to find the financing.[15] With the company claiming to be near bankruptcy in early 1988, Trump made a tender offer to buy all outstanding stock for $22 a share, stating that he was willing to personally finance the construction, but only if he owned the entire company.[16] Television producer Merv Griffin made an unexpected offer to purchase the company for $35 a share,[17] sparking a highly publicized takeover battle,[18] with Trump and Griffin filing lawsuits against each other.[19] The two ultimately reached a settlement, which was executed in November 1988, with Griffin purchasing the company, and Trump purchasing the Taj Mahal from the company for $273 million.[20]
Trump raised $675 million to finance the purchase and completion of the casino, primarily through junk bonds with a 14 percent interest rate.[21][22]
The casino opened on April 2, 1990.[23] With 120,000 square feet (11,000 m2) of gaming space, it claimed to be the largest casino in the world (though this was disputed by the Riviera),[24] and billed itself as the 'eighth wonder of the world'.[25] An elaborate grand opening ceremony was held three days later.[26]
In 1991, the Taj Mahal went through a prepackaged bankruptcy, resulting in Trump giving a 50 percent stake in the business to its bondholders in exchange for lowered interest rates and a longer payoff schedule.[27][28]
Trump's new publicly traded company, Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts, purchased the Taj Mahal in 1996, in a transaction that valued the property at $890 million.[29][30] In the 1990s, Trump's Taj Mahal casino was 'the world's largest, most flamboyant casino' and Trump took on an 'enormous amount of debt' to launch it.[31] During eighteen months after its April 2, 1990 opening,[23] when the Casino was on the verge of bankruptcy, it became the 'preferred gambling spot for Russian mobsters living in Brooklyn, according to federal investigators who tracked organized crime in New York City'.[31]
The Taj Mahal was the highest grossing casino in the city until the opening of The Borgata in 2003. The Chairman Tower opened in 2008, bringing the complex to over 2,000 rooms.[citation needed]
In 2013, the Taj Mahal opened the nation's first casino strip club, featuring scantily clad dancers.[32][33]
On Monday, October 10, 2016, the Trump Taj Mahal Hotel and Casino was shut down after the chaos of casino workers on strike. The Hard Rock Cafe remains open.[34]
On March 1, 2017, Hard Rock International announced its purchase of the Trump Taj Mahal property, and officially reopened as the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino Atlantic City,[3] on June 27, 2018.[5]
In November 2018, the Hard Rock announced a plan to launch both online and retail sportsbooks in 2019.[35]
In January 2019, the Hard Rock launched its online sportsbook, making it the 10th sportsbook app in New Jersey.[36]
Trump Entertainment Resorts filed for bankruptcy on September 10, 2014,[37]and announced plans to close the Taj Mahal on November 13 if the casino did not get concessions from its unions.[38] A sister property, the Trump Plaza, did close in 2014.[39]
Workers from the casino marched to Mayor Don Guardian's office on the morning of November 3, 2014 to ask him to reconsider granting concessions, which the casino said were necessary to remain open. About 1,000 employees signed a petition calling on the mayor and other officials 'to do everything possible' to keep the casino open. At the time, four of twelve casinos in Atlantic City had closed and Trump Taj Mahal would have been the fifth if it were to close.[40]
In filing a revised reorganization plan in Delaware bankruptcy court, Trump Entertainment Resorts said its board had approved a shutdown of the casino by December 12, 2014. The shutdown date was later pushed back to December 20. On December 18, two days before the scheduled closure, UNITE HERE reached a deal with Trump Entertainment Resorts that saved the Taj from closing. The same day, billionaire Carl Icahn committed $20 million in financing for the Taj.[41]
In February 2016, Trump Entertainment Resorts exited bankruptcy and became a subsidiary of Icahn Enterprises. The casino retained the name 'Trump Taj Mahal', though Donald Trump no longer held any ownership stake.[42] In April, another Icahn affiliate, Tropicana Entertainment, took over the property under a management agreement.[43][44] Icahn also stated he would withhold a planned $100-million investment into the property if New Jersey approved casinos in the northern region of the state.[45]
On Monday, October 10, 2016, the Trump Taj Mahal Hotel and Casino was shut down.[46] After the closing on that date, one UNITE HERE leader raised the possibility that the casino would remain closed over the winter but will reopen in Spring 2017 as a non-union facility, an attempt that he said would try to prompt a union boycott.[47] On March 1, 2017, Hard Rock International announced plans to spend $300 million to purchase the resort and renovate it,[48] It re-opened as the Hard Rock Hotel & Casino Atlantic City on June 28, 2018.[49][48]
On November 14, 2014, Trump Entertainment Resorts announced that the casino would shut down in December unless its main union, UNITE HERE, dropped its appeal of a court-ordered cost-savings package, which had effectively cancelled the workers' health insurance and pension coverage.[50] However, it was revealed that the closing was to happen because it has not received the state and local tax breaks it sought.[51]
Over its years of operation—1990–2016—the Trump Taj Mahal was 'repeatedly cited for having inadequate money-laundering controls, not an unusual charge in the gaming business'.[52]
In February 2015, the U.S. Department of the Treasury'sFinancial Crimes Enforcement Network settled an investigation of Trump Taj Mahal with the assessment of a $10 million civil fine for 'significant and long-standing money laundering violations' which were described as 'willful and repeated' contraventions of the record-keeping and reporting requirements of the Bank Secrecy Act.[53][54] It was the highest penalty ever levied by the feds against a casino.[55]
The casino agreed to periodic external audits to comply with anti-money laundering statutes,[54] and admitted to multiple violations as part of its settlement.[56] The U.S. Treasury made note of casino violations dating back to 1998, when Trump Taj Mahal paid a $477,700 fine for violating currency transaction requirements,[31] as well as violations in 2003, 2010, and in 2012, for which the company was 'repeatedly warned'. Trump Taj Mahal was 'far from meeting' standards required to protect the U.S. financial system 'from exploitation from criminals, terrorists, and other bad actors', the Treasury said in a press release.[54]
In 2017, CNN obtained access to Treasury Department documents under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) which included the 1998 and the 2015 settlement.
The 1992 U.S. Senate Subcommittee 218-page report entitled 'Asian Organized Crime: the New International Criminal', linked Trump's businesses to Asian organized crime.[57]
Specifically the Senate subcommittee named Danny Sau Keung Leung, who had been Trump Taj Mahal's VP Foreign Marketing since 2000, as an associate of the Hong Kong-based organized crime group 14K Triad'[58] linked to 'murders, extortions and heroin smuggling'.[59] Leung worked at Trump Taj Mahal from 1990 to 1995.[59] He was 'known by law enforcement to be linked to organized crime syndicates'[60] and was investigated by the New Jersey Casino Control Commission in 1995 with hearings in Atlantic City regarding his 'background and character'.[59] 'Mentions of Trump businesses' were 'sprinkled throughout the 1992 Senate report on 'Asian organized crime in the United States'.[60] 'Crime bosses who ran the Chinatown bus system put together trips to Trump businesses in Atlantic City.[60] '[O]ther people with links to organized crime booked shows at Trump venues and in 1987, one was indicted on a charge of providing kickbacks to executives at Trump Castle.'[60] According to an Internal Revenue Service report cited in a 2016 Politifact article by Linda Qui,[58] Trump also worked closely with other members and associates of organized criminal enterprises, including Danny Leung, Felix Sater, Salvatore Testa, and Kenneth Shapiro'.[58][61]:5 In 1984, Canadian police had identified Leung as 'a major player in Toronto organized crime', yet in 1989, the New Jersey Casino Control Commission granted him the casino 'key license reserved for executives'[59] and he began working for Trump Taj Mahal in 1990.[59] At the New Jersey Casino Control Commission hearing in 1994, Trump sent Taj President Dennis Gomes to 'testify on Leung's behalf at the hearing New Jersey Casino Control Commission. In spite of an objection of the Division of Gaming Enforcement and the testimony of Canadian police, his casino key license was renewed. 'Leung's lawyer, Guy Michael said, that the criminal allegations were 'absolutely untrue. In August 2013, Leung requested to be placed on the Casino Key Employee Inactive List in August 2013 'in lieu of complying with the resubmission process'.[62]:20
On May 27, 2009, Ray Kot, a casino shift manager, was shot and killed by 57-year-old Mark Magee of Norristown, Pennsylvania. Magee claimed that he killed Kot because casino executives at the Trump Taj Mahal had conspired to cheat players by manipulating the outcome of the table games.[63][64] On August 11, 2010, Magee was convicted of murder and was given a minimum 30-year sentence at the New Jersey State Prison in Trenton.[65] He is tentatively scheduled to be released on May 28, 2039, at the age of 87. On October 16, 2010, a small park on the Trump Taj Mahal property was created and dedicated to the memory of Kot.
On September 18, 2011, a man was shot dead and a woman was wounded during an apparent carjacking inside the parking garage of the casino. The man, 28-year-old Sunil Rattu, and the woman, 24-year-old Radha Ghetia, were held up as they left the casino, and then forced to drive to a nearby alley where Rattu was shot dead, while Ghetia was shot in the upper part of her body. Ghetia was treated for her injuries and later recovered.[66]
On March 24, 2016, three teenagers attending a party in a hotel room on the forty-seventh floor were shot. Seven suspects were arrested in connection with the incident.[67]
Hardrock Hotel & Casino has the three tier Wild Card Rewards club, listed from lowest to highest:[68]
After the March 2017 announcement that Florida-based Hard Rock, which manages gambling and resort operations for the Seminole Indian tribe, bought the Casino from Carl Icahn, Hard Rock International detailed plans to spend $325 million in refurbishing. The new property will feature two separate arenas with seating totaling 7,000 and 2,400 more slot machines. The property reopened on June 27, 2018.[5]
The Trump Taj Mahal, as seen from the boardwalk (1)
The Trump Taj Mahal, as seen from the boardwalk (2)
The Taj Mahal, as seen from the Fairfield Resorts
The Trump Taj Mahal, as seen from just beyond Pacific Avenue
Entrance to the Trump Taj Mahal at night
Hard Rock Hotel & Casino from the Boardwalk (1)
Hard Rock Hotel & Casino from the Boardwalk (2)
The Chairman Tower from the Boardwalk (3)
Police responded to the 47th floor of the hotel on a report of shots fired at a party with about 20 people in attendance. Two teenage victims of the shooting were immediately identified after they arrived at AtlantiCare Regional Medical Center with non-life-threatening wounds.. On Monday, a 15-year-old who police said had a loaded weapon in his waistband was arrested..he too had been shot during the party and was treated.
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Coordinates: 39°21′31″N74°25′11″W / 39.358653°N 74.419777°W
| Preceded by Bally's Atlantic City | Tallest Building in Atlantic City 1990–2002 429 ft | Succeeded by The Borgata |
| Preceded by The Water Club | Tallest Building in Atlantic City 2008 470 ft | Succeeded by Harrah's Waterfront Tower |
| Events and tenants | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Lakefront Arena Differ Ariake | Ultimate Fighting Championship venue UFC 28 UFC 30, UFC 31 | Succeeded by Differ Ariake Continental Airlines Arena |