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| Black Taj Mahal | |
|---|---|
Location in western Uttar Pradesh, India | |
| Location | Agra |
| Coordinates | 27°10′29″N78°02′32″E / 27.174799°N 78.042111°E |
| Elevation | 20 feet |
| Built | never was built |
| Architectural style(s) | Mughal architecture |
The Black Taj Mahal ('Black Taj', 'Kaala Taj', also 'the 2nd Taj') is a legendary black marblemausoleum that is said to have been planned to be built across the Yamuna River opposite the Taj Mahal in Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India. MughalemperorShah Jahan is said to have desired a mausoleum for himself similar to that of the one he had built in memory of his second wife, Mumtaz Mahal.[1][unreliable source?]
A European traveller by the name of Jean Baptiste Tavernier who visited Agra in 1665 first mentioned the idea of Black Taj in his fanciful writings. The writings of Tavernier mention that Shah Jahan began to build his own tomb on the other side of the river but could not complete it as he was deposed by his own son Aurangzeb. However, many modern archaeologists believe this story to be myth.[2][unreliable source?]
Ever since the construction of Taj Mahal, the building has been the source of an admiration transcending culture and geography, and so personal and emotional responses have consistently eclipsed scholastic appraisals of the monument.
The belief holds that Shah Jahan planned a mausoleum to be built in black marble across the Yamuna river, with the two structures connected by a bridge. The idea originates from fanciful writings of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier, a European traveller who visited Agra in 1665. It was suggested that Shah Jahan was overthrown by his son Aurangzeb before it could be built. Ruins of blackened marble across the river in Moonlight Garden, Mahtab Bagh, seemed to support this legend.[3][unreliable source?]
Many scholars believe the idea of the Black Taj belongs to fiction rather than history. The traces which are identified as the foundations of the 2nd Taj are actually the enclosing wall of a garden founded by Babur. The irregular position of Shah Jahan's cenotaph in comparison to Mumtaz Mahal's, is similar to that at the tomb of Itmad-ud-Daulah, and thus should not be of any striking significance. Besides, according to Islamic law, bodies are buried with their faces towards Mecca and legs towards the south, and the husband is placed on the right hand side of his wife. The interpretation that the cenotaph of Shah Jahan was not meant to be placed here appears to be superfluous.[4][unreliable source?]
Modern excavations carried out in the 1990s found that they were discolored white stones that had turned black.[5][unreliable source?] As some believe that a more credible theory for the origins of the black mausoleum was demonstrated in 2006 by archaeologists who reconstructed part of the pool in the Mehtab Bagh (Moonlight Garden). A dark reflection of the white mausoleum could clearly be seen, befitting Shah Jahan's obsession with symmetry and the positioning of the pool itself.
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taj Mahal. |
Indian archaeologists say they have discovered the names of some of the skilled craftsmen and masons who built the Taj Mahal.
Indian archaeologists say they have discovered the names of some of the skilled craftsmen and masons who built the Taj Mahal.
The Mughal emperor Shah Jahan, heartbroken at the death in childbirth of his wife, Mumtaz Mahal, in 1630, ordered the monument to be built as a mausoleum to her, by the river Yamuna in Agra, the Mughal capital. It was made mainly of white marble and completed in 1648. The poet Rabindranath Tagore called it 'a tear on the face of eternity' and said that it was Shah Jahan's attempt to defy the ravages of time, which he knew would destroy his empire, and preserve the memory of his pain at his wife's death.
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But while his suffering and love for his wife have been memorialised long after the last vestiges of the Mughal empire were swept away, the lives of most of those who built the monument have been shrouded in obscurity - until now.
A list of 671 names has been found engraved in a sandstone wall in the complex that surrounds the mausoleum, according to The Asian Age newspaper. The list, found on the north side facing the river, is believed to have been inscribed by the same hands that fashioned the extraordinary decorative work of the building. If the archaeologists are right, it is the craftsmen's own attempt to preserve their memory down the centuries.
The list was stumbled upon by a team from the Archaeological Survey of India during a routine documentation of the building.
The chief architect is known to have been Ustad - or Master - Ahmad Lahori. Shah Jahan is said to have had his eyes put out on the Taj's completion so nothing could ever be built to rival it. Amanat Khan Shirazi was in charge of the calligraphy that adorns the Taj. Ismail Khan Afridi was in charge of building the dome, and Mohammed Hanif was superintendent of the masons.
These well-known names are included in the inscriptions that have been found. But they are believed to go much further, and identify some of the craftsmen who painstakingly built the Taj with their hands over a period of 17 years.
It took 20,000 labourers to build the Taj - so many that an entire town, Mumtazabad, was built for them next to the site. It survives as Taj Ganj, a suburb of Agra. Craftsmen were brought from as far away as Central Asia, Iran, Syria and Turkey.
The inscriptions reflect the diversity of those who built the Taj Mahal. Most are in Arabic and Persian, which would reflect the Islamic nature of Shah Jahan's court, but some are in the Devanagari script used by Hindi and other Indian languages. There are also traditional Indian symbols, such as swastikas, and geometrical patterns believed to have been used by illiterate artisans.
D Dayalan, leader of the team of archaeologists who found the list, told The Asian Age that experts were working to decipher the epigraphs and names engraved in the stones.
'Since many of them were illiterate, they denoted symbols as a mark of their identity. We call these guilt marks. We already have a team working to decipher the epigraphs and the names.
'The names have been meticulously divided into sections like dome makers, garden development department, furnishing workers and inlay artists.
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'Other boundary walls of the monument are also being scanned for the names of workmen.
'Our interest lies in the unknown masons who never received publicity for their work.'